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首頁-企業(yè)新聞-光學膜厚傳感器的測量原理與核心技術(shù)

光學膜厚傳感器的測量原理與核心技術(shù)

更新時間:2025-08-21       點擊次數(shù):31
   光學膜厚傳感器憑借其非接觸、高精度、快速、可在線等優(yōu)勢,已成為現(xiàn)代工業(yè)和科研中測量薄膜厚度的技術(shù)。其核心在于利用光與物質(zhì)相互作用產(chǎn)生的物理現(xiàn)象來“透視”薄膜的結(jié)構(gòu)。
  一、 核心測量原理
  當一束光照射到薄膜表面時,會發(fā)生反射、折射、干涉和偏振等多種光學現(xiàn)象。光學膜厚傳感器正是通過精確探測和分析這些現(xiàn)象的變化,來反演出薄膜的厚度信息。其基本物理原理主要基于光的干涉效應(yīng)。
  光的干涉:當光波從薄膜的上表面和下表面(即薄膜與基底的界面)反射時,會產(chǎn)生兩束或多束反射光。這些光束由于經(jīng)過的光程不同,存在相位差。當它們相遇時會發(fā)生干涉——相位相同則加強(相長干涉),相位相反則減弱(相消干涉)。這種干涉效應(yīng)導(dǎo)致反射光的強度隨波長(或入射角)周期性變化,形成干涉圖樣(光譜)。薄膜的厚度(d)與干涉條紋的周期(Δλ)直接相關(guān),基本關(guān)系為 `2nd ≈ mΔλ` (n為薄膜折射率,m為干涉級次)。通過分析干涉光譜,即可計算出厚度。
  二、 主要測量技術(shù)
  基于上述原理,發(fā)展出了多種成熟的光學測量技術(shù),每種技術(shù)各有側(cè)重和適用場景。
  1.  光譜反射法
  原理:這是常用、成本相對較低的技術(shù)。傳感器使用寬譜光源(如氙燈、鹵素燈)照射樣品,收集從樣品表面反射回來的光,并用光譜儀分析其反射率隨波長的變化曲線(即反射光譜)。對于單層透明膜,光譜上會出現(xiàn)明顯的干涉條紋(振蕩)。通過建立樣品的光學模型(基底+薄膜),并利用擬合算法將計算出的理論光譜與實測光譜進行匹配,即可精確求解出薄膜的厚度和折射率。
  2.  橢圓偏振光譜法
  原理:這是一種更為精密和強大的技術(shù)。它不直接測量反射光的強度,而是測量光經(jīng)樣品反射后,其偏振態(tài)發(fā)生的變化。具體測量兩個橢偏參數(shù):Ψ (Psi) 和 Δ (Delta)。Ψ 表示反射前后p波和s波振幅比的改變,Δ 表示p波和s波相位差的改變。這些參數(shù)對薄膜的厚度和光學常數(shù)(n, k)敏感,尤其是對超薄膜和多層結(jié)構(gòu)。
  3.  白光干涉法
  原理:利用寬譜光源(低時間相干性)的干涉特性。傳感器(通常是顯微鏡配置)將光束分束,一束照射樣品表面,另一束照射參考鏡。當兩束光的光程差在光源相干長度內(nèi)時,才會產(chǎn)生干涉條紋。通過垂直掃描(Z軸移動)樣品或參考鏡,記錄干涉信號較強的位置,即可確定表面高度。對于薄膜,通過分析干涉圖樣的包絡(luò)或相位,可以計算出膜厚。
  4.  激光干涉法
  原理:使用單色激光作為光源。通過監(jiān)測反射光強度隨時間(或樣品移動)的干涉條紋變化周期來計算厚度。常用于在線、實時測量,如在鍍膜過程中監(jiān)控膜厚增長。
  光學膜厚傳感器通過巧妙地利用光的干涉、反射和偏振等基本物理現(xiàn)象,實現(xiàn)了對薄膜厚度的非接觸、高精度測量。光譜反射法、橢圓偏振光譜法、白光干涉法和激光干涉法各有千秋,分別在通用性、精度、三維測量和實時監(jiān)控等方面發(fā)揮著重要作用。理解這些技術(shù)的原理和特點,有助于用戶根據(jù)具體的應(yīng)用需求(如材料類型、厚度范圍、精度要求、生產(chǎn)環(huán)境)選擇合適的測量方案。
 
 
 

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